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Riveting and shocking, Loss of Faith is essential reading for all Canadians.
On June 23, 1985, Canada found itself on the international terrorism map when two bombs built in B.C. detonated within an hour of each other on opposite sides of the world, killing 329 men, women, and children.
Canadian Sikh separatists, upset at the Indian government for attacking their religion’s holiest shrine, the Golden Temple, were immediately suspected by the RCMP of perpetrating the worst act of aviation terrorism before Sept. 11, 2001. But while police agencies scrambled to infiltrate a close-knit immigrant community and collect evidence against the suspects, the Canadian Security Intelligence Service was destroying taped telephone calls between the same people the RCMP was investigating.
For years those at the centre of the terrorist plot tried to protect their dark secret. Two Sikh newspaper publishers who overheard an alleged confession by one of the bombers were assassinated. Other potential witnesses were threatened and intimidated. Journalists who wrote about the suspects were targeted by death threats and harassment. The suspects founded charities and participated in political parties, attending fundraising dinners for premiers and prime ministers. And the families of the victims fought to be recognized for their unimaginable loss as the result of an act of terrorism plotted in Canada. When charges were finally laid against three Sikh separatists, the families believed justice was almost theirs. But their faith was shaken when one suspect pleaded guilty to manslaughter and got a five-year sentence for more than three hundred deaths.
The Air-India trial judge spoke in his ruling of the “the senseless horror” of the bombings. He called the plot “a diabolical act of terrorism” with “roots in fanaticism at its basest and most inhumane level.” He then acquitted Sikh leaders Ripudaman Singh Malik and Ajaib Singh Bagri on all charges, leaving the victims’ families reeling and the biggest case in Canadian history officially unsolved.
Kim Bolan is an award-winning investigative reporter who has covered the Air-India bombing case since the day Flight 182 went down off the coast of Ireland. Her work on the Air-India story has taken her to Punjab five times over the last twenty years where she met with militant Sikh separatist leaders and victims of the violence. She also followed Air-India mastermind Talwinder Singh Parmar to Pakistan before his 1992 slaying and chased down other suspects in England and across Canada. But she faced the most danger at home in Vancouver where the stories she uncovered about the Air-India case led to a series of death threats against her.
- Sales Rank: #2001644 in Books
- Brand: Brand: McClelland n Stewart
- Published on: 2005-09-13
- Released on: 2005-09-13
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.22" h x 1.28" w x 6.12" l,
- Binding: Hardcover
- 392 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
About the Author
Kim Bolan has been a reporter at The Vancouver Sun since 1984, covering minority, women’s, education, and social services issues. She is also a regular contributor to CBC-Radio. She has won and been shortlisted for over fifteen major national and international journalism awards, including the Courage in Journalism Award in 1999 for her continuing coverage of the Air-India story while under death threats. Bolan lives in Vancouver with her two sons.
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
Prologue
On June 23, 2005, Prime Minister Paul Martin was in Ahakista, Ireland, where he joined relatives of the victims of the 1985 bombings that thrust Canada into the age of terrorism. He was there in an attempt to correct decades of political inaction. Hundreds of the victims’ relatives, rescue workers, locals, and Canadian politicians of all stripes had gathered to commemorate the twentieth anniversary of the death of 329 people aboard Air-India Flight 182 and two baggage handlers at Narita airport in Japan.
“We are not naive. We are not ignorant of the world and its sorrows, but this act of evil defies comprehension,” Martin said. “It was an unimaginable loss. It was your loss. It was the nation’s loss. Make no mistake. The flight may have been Air-India’s, it may have taken place off the coast of Ireland, but in so many ways, this is a Canadian tragedy.”
This was the first time since the bombings that a Canadian prime minister had thought to attend the annual service marking the most dastardly act of terror in the country’s history. The gesture was appreciated by the victims’ relatives, but Martin did little to answer the questions uppermost in their minds: How and why had their country let them down?
Canada failed to stop the bombers as they attempted to take revenge against their birth nation, India, for its perceived persecution of the Sikh minority. Canada failed to recognize that the majority of the 331 victims, while of Indian origin, were Canadians. Canada failed for years to catch those involved and, when charges were finally laid, Canada’s justice system showed it could not deal with the complexities of a terrorism plot or with suspects determined not to be exposed, charged, or convicted.
Within three weeks of Martin’s acknowledgement that the bombings were “a Canadian tragedy,” his deputy prime minister, Anne McLellan, alienated the Air-India victims’ families by her comments on the July 7, 2005, terrorist bombings in London. “I do not believe that Canadians are as psychologically prepared for a terrorist attack as I think probably we all should be,” McLellan told reporters. “I think we have, perhaps for too long, thought that these were things that happened somewhere else. But Canadians are not immune.”
Had McLellan forgotten about the Air-India bombings? Or has she, like many Canadians, underplayed their significance because they primarily affected people who weren’t perceived to be our own — brown people with accents whom we didn’t accept as Canadians? But they are our own. Our own victims. Our own terrorists. Our own Indo-Canadian community ripped apart and tarnished by the acts of a fanatical few who have manipulated the laws of Canada for twenty years.
Terrorism seemed to enter the North American consciousness only on September 11, 2001, when New York and Washington, D.C., were targeted by religious extremists. Canada developed an anti-terrorism law in response to these attacks, but not in response to the 1985 Air-India bombings. Canada cracked down on terrorist fundraising here only after the 9/11 attacks and not when our own country suffered its worst act of terrorism. Canada waited until June 2003 to ban Sikh extremist groups linked to the Air-India bombing and other crimes on Canadian soil — eighteen years after Air-India Flight 182 was demolished in mid-air by a B.C.—built bomb.
As Canadians, we need to look closely at how we responded to this horrible, unprecedented crime. We need to ask if our own laws and policies, including official multiculturalism, contributed to “this act of evil.” We need to know how and why the bombers got away with mass murder.
When I started as a reporter at the Vancouver Sun on May 28, 1984, fresh out of journalism school, I had never heard of Sikhism’s holiest shrine — the Golden Temple in Amritsar, Punjab. I knew Sikhism was a religion from India, but like most Canadians, I knew little else about it. I certainly knew nothing of the extraordinary history of the Sikh community in Canada, a history of standing up for justice, immigration, and voting rights, and against racism.
Six days after I started at the Sun, the Indian Army stormed the Golden Temple to rid it of violent militants who had taken it over under the leadership of the charismatic extremist Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and were demanding a separate homeland for Sikhs. Bhindranwale and his supporters were killed, but so were hundreds of innocent pilgrims. Canadian journalists were suddenly covering massive street demonstrations by Sikhs in Vancouver, Toronto, Calgary, and Ottawa. I was one of the many sent to find out what was going on.
I found that the Sikhs I spoke with were only too willing to share their culture, religion, and political views with me. They also taught me the basic tenets of their faith — equality for all and the need to fight against discrimination and oppression. They stressed the importance of sewa,or service, to the community and the nation.
The reaction of Canadian Sikhs to the storming of the temple brewed for months. There were protests, violent clashes with police, burnings of Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi in effigy, and jubilation when she was assassinated on October 31, 1984. Moderate Sikhs who criticized Bhindranwale were threatened and beaten. And then on June 23, 1985, a bomb blast ripped through Tokyo’s Narita Airport, killing two baggage handlers. Less than an hour later, an Air-India flight en route from Toronto to New Delhi via Bombay exploded off the coast of Ireland.
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8 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
Who Bombed Air India?
By Puneet S. Lamba
Who Bombed Air India?
Perhaps no one is better acquainted with the details of the Air India case and the surrounding events than Kim Bolan. She had barely joined the Vancouver Sun newspaper as a rookie reporter when Air India Flight 182 exploded in the sky on July 23, 1985, killing all 329 on board. Ever since, Bolan has doggedly followed the case for two decades, making four trips to India and several visits to Pakistan, the U.S., and the U.K.
This book, the result of her long and arduous 'sewa' (service, p. 206), takes the reader through the backdrop, the bombing, and the tortuous investigation that climaxed in the twin trials and acquittals of two Vancouver-based Sikhs, Ripudaman Singh Malik and Ajaib Singh Bagri.
The entire episode is packed with ironies. Cowards like Bagri, who publicly called for the murder of 'fifty thousand Hindus' (p. 46), are roaming free. Meanwhile, the few who demonstrated the courage to expose the violence and hatred were either assassinated or are living under death threats.
Tara Singh Hayer was the founding editor of the vernacular weekly Indo-Canadian Times. A failed attempt on his life on August 28, 1988, just days after he published his 'most pointed reference to Bagri' (p. 196), left him in a wheelchair. Harkirat Singh Bagga told the police that 'Bagri had provided him with the .357-caliber revolver he had used to shoot Hayer' (p. 191).
Tarsem Singh Purewal, publisher of the British Punjabi-language newspaper Des Pardes, was assassinated in 1995 after he 'wrote an article that was extremely critical of the I.S.Y.F. [International Sikh Youth Federation] and promised more exposés on the Babbar Khalsa' (p. 195).
'Rani Kumar' (not her real name) was the star witness against Malik. A note she had tucked into her journal said that 'if she were found dead, she had not committed suicide' (p. 153).
Many of the Sikhs at the forefront on both sides of the equation were 'born again' Sikhs. That is, they had shed the orthodox external regalia, including unshorn hair and turbans, only to reacquire the symbols in the religiously hyper-charged milieu following Operation Bluestar. (Bluestar was the Indian army's 1984 offensive on the Darbar Sahib or Golden Temple complex at Amritsar, Punjab, a Sikh Vatican of sorts.) Examples include Talwinder Singh Parmar, Bagri, and Hayer.
As the book makes clear, Canadian federal authorities might never have laid many of the related charges (e.g. against Malik's Khalsa School) had they not been repeatedly shamed into doing so by Bolan's proactive investigative journalism.
Inderjit Singh Reyat is the only person ever to have been convicted in connection with this case. He was convicted for manslaughter for making the bombs that destroyed two Air India craft, including Kanishka (Flight 182). The revolver used to shoot Hayer and the one found illegally in Reyat's possession were both traced back to the same source in California (p. 215).
Malik would surely not wish to be judged by the company he kept. The first three witnesses who took the stand in his defense were 'proven by the Crown [prosecution] to have a history of lying' (p. 328). One defense witness for Malik, Raminder Singh 'Mindy' Bhandher, admitted to having thrown rocks through the living room window of prosecution witness Narinder Gill in 1997 to keep him from disclosing financial irregularities at Malik's Khalsa School (p. 326). Another defense witness, Satwant Singh Sandhu, admitted to having made an on-air death threat against Bolan (p. 327).
Malik himself had 'lied under oath' at the hearing in connection with the funding for his legal defense for the Air India trial (p. 282).
According to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (R.C.M.P.), 'all [prosecution witnesses] had passed lie-detector tests that the defence witnesses had not had to take' (p. 349). The judge, Ian Josephson, declared defense witness Reyat to be 'an unmitigated liar under oath' (p. 339).
The prosecution, the defense, and the judge all 'accepted that Talwinder Parmar had masterminded the bombings' (p. 339). But if Parmar, the chief of the Babbar Khalsa, was the 'mastermind,' then how are Bagri, Parmar's self-acknowledged deputy (p. 315), and Malik, the Babbar Khalsa's primary financier (p. 32), to be regarded as innocent?
Given all of the above, it is no small miracle that Kim Bolan actually survived long enough to document her detailed findings. And for that we should all be grateful.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Terrorism wth Justice Gone Crazy
By John Matlock
An exceptional investigative report of terrorism perpetrated by militant Sikhs in Canada.
Kim Bolan was a cub reporter for The Vancouver Sun in 1985 when a bomb exploded on Air-India Flight 182 flying from Toronto, Canada to New Delhi, India. The plane exploded off the coast of Ireland killing all 329 passengers and crew aboard. Another bomb exploded at the airport in Narita, Japan killing two baggage handlers; this bomb was intended for another flight to India. The bombing was in retaliation for the attack by the Indian Army on the Golden Temple in Amristar, Punjab, Sikhism's holiest shrine in India.
The author of this fascinating book followed the incident for 20 years and became intimately involved with the families of the victims. She also became so knowledgeable about the terrorist perpetrators that her life was threatened. She lays responsibility for the tragedy on the extremist element of the Sikhs and on the Canadian government. Inept Canadian authorities, she says, failed to protect the innocent citizens of Indian descent and, 20 years later, the justice system failed to punish the guilty.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
An Expose from a Muckraking Journalist
By Carl Robinson
Kim Bolan is a journalist from Vancouver who doesn't pull her punches. In this book she examines the bombing of Air India Flight 182 by a shadowy cabal of Sikhs in Canada. She tells the story of those on Air India Flight 182, their families, and their ultimately futile search for justice.
This is an extremely interesting resource about a far-off conflict brought to Canada with dynamite and loose immigration laws. It is a definitive account of one of the most spectacular terrorist attacks of the 1980s.
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